Etching Formulas

Reference wet chemical etching formulas for 119+ alloy grades — chemistry, process window, design rules, and yield.

Chemical Etching Formula Reference

A reference library of 153 production-style wet chemical etching formulas across 119+ alloy grades and 10 etchant systems. Click any row to open its full formula sheet, process window, design rules, and a unique FAQ.

153 Formulas

119+ Alloy Grades

10 Etchant Systems

96.7% Avg Yield

Material Group

Etchant

Etch Depth

Material	Etchant	°Bé	T °C	Thickness mm	Speed m/min	Depth	EF	Yield
0Cr21Al6Nb	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.3	0.17-0.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.60	95.9%
0Cr25Al5 Resistance Alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.3	0.17-0.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.62	95.9%
1Cr13Al4 Resistance Alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	42	48	0.1-0.3	0.17-0.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.65	95.9%
1J22 Iron-Cobalt Alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	52	0.05-0.2	0.33-2.6	Through etch (double-sided)	2.68	96.2%
1J46 Permalloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.73	96.6%
1J50 Permalloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.75	96.6%
1J79 Permalloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01-0.3	0.19-66.68	Through etch (double-sided)	2.77	97.0%
1J85 Super-Permalloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.77	96.6%
50CrV4 Spring Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.3	0.2-1.05	Through etch (double-sided)	2.68	96.5%
65Mn Spring Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.01-0.5	0.12-73.48	Through etch (double-sided)	2.72	97.1%
65Mn Spring Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.01	47.73	Half etch (single-sided)	2.72	97.4%
Ag Pure Silver	HNO₃(30%)	—	26	0.03-0.2	0.73-8.61	Through etch (double-sided)	2.90	98.8%
Al1060	FeCl₃+HCl	30	38	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.60	97.5%
Al1060	FeCl₃+HCl	28	36	0.01-0.02	16.37-59.06	Through etch (double-sided)	2.62	98.8%
Al1100	FeCl₃+HCl	30	38	0.01-0.5	0.12-21.41	Through etch (double-sided)	2.62	97.8%
Al2014	FeCl₃+HCl	34	43	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.08	Through etch (double-sided)	2.48	97.2%
Al2017	FeCl₃+HCl	34	42	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.08	Through etch (double-sided)	2.49	97.2%
Al2024	FeCl₃+HCl	34	42	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.50	97.5%
Al3003	FeCl₃+HCl	32	40	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.58	97.5%
Al3105	FeCl₃+HCl	32	40	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.57	97.5%
Al5005	FeCl₃+HCl	32	40	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.08	Through etch (double-sided)	2.55	97.2%
Al5052	FeCl₃+HCl	32	40	0.01-0.5	0.12-74.85	Through etch (double-sided)	2.55	97.8%
Al5083	FeCl₃+HCl	32	40	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.52	97.5%
Al5182	FeCl₃+HCl	32	40	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.08	Through etch (double-sided)	2.53	97.2%
Al5754	FeCl₃+HCl	32	40	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.53	97.5%
Al6005	FeCl₃+HCl	34	42	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.08	Through etch (double-sided)	2.51	97.2%
Al6061	FeCl₃+HCl	34	42	0.01-0.5	0.12-73.48	Through etch (double-sided)	2.52	97.8%
Al6063	FeCl₃+HCl	34	42	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.53	97.5%
Al6082	FeCl₃+HCl	34	43	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.50	97.5%
Al6101	FeCl₃+HCl	34	42	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.08	Through etch (double-sided)	2.52	97.2%
Al7050	FeCl₃+HCl	36	44	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.47	97.5%
Al7075	FeCl₃+HCl	36	44	0.01-0.5	0.12-21.41	Through etch (double-sided)	2.48	97.7%
Al8011	FeCl₃+HCl	30	38	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.60	97.5%
AM350 Stainless Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.1-0.3	0.16-0.82	Through etch (double-sided)	2.55	95.6%
Au Pure Gold	Aqua Regia (3:1 HCl:HNO₃)	—	28	0.03-0.1	0.8-4.87	Through etch (double-sided)	2.75	98.4%
C1020 OF Copper	FeCl₃	36	46	0.05-0.3	0.26-3.22	Through etch (double-sided)	2.83	98.1%
C1100 T2 copper	FeCl₃	36	46	0.01-0.5	0.13-85.05	Through etch (double-sided)	2.82	98.1%
C1100 T2 copper	FeCl₃	34	44	0.01-0.02	18.51-66.76	Through etch (double-sided)	2.88	99.0%
C1100 T2 copper	FeCl₃	36	45	0.02-0.08	1.71-11.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.83	98.6%
C1100 T2 copper	FeCl₃	36	44	0.01-0.04	5.44-24.33	Through etch (double-sided)	2.85	98.8%
C1100 T2 copper	FeCl₃	36	44	0.05-0.3	0.2-2.51	Half etch (single-sided)	2.85	98.5%
C1100 T2 copper	FeCl₃	36	46	0.01	30.07	Half etch (single-sided)	2.82	98.5%
C17200 beryllium copper	FeCl₃+HCl	42	48	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	97.2%
C17300 beryllium copper	FeCl₃+HCl	42	48	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.78	97.2%
C194 Copper-Iron Alloy	FeCl₃	36	46	0.1-0.3	0.25-1.15	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	97.5%
C197 Copper-Iron Alloy	FeCl₃	36	46	0.1-0.3	0.25-1.15	Through etch (double-sided)	2.78	97.5%
C2600 brass	FeCl₃	38	44	0.05-0.5	0.12-3.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	97.8%
C2680 brass	FeCl₃	38	44	0.05-0.5	0.12-3.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.79	97.8%
C5101 phosphor bronze	FeCl₃	40	46	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.74	97.4%
C5102 phosphor bronze	FeCl₃	40	46	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.74	97.4%
C5191 phosphor bronze	FeCl₃	40	46	0.01-0.5	0.12-71.44	Through etch (double-sided)	2.75	97.9%
C5210 phosphor bronze	FeCl₃	40	46	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.76	97.4%
C7100 Cupronickel	FeCl₃+HCl	42	46	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.83	Through etch (double-sided)	2.72	96.9%
C7150 Cupronickel	FeCl₃+HCl	42	46	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.83	Through etch (double-sided)	2.70	96.9%
C7521 Nickel Silver	FeCl₃+HCl	42	46	0.05-0.3	0.2-2.97	Through etch (double-sided)	2.70	97.1%
C7541 Nickel Silver	FeCl₃+HCl	42	46	0.05-0.3	0.2-2.97	Through etch (double-sided)	2.68	97.1%
C7701 Nickel Silver	FeCl₃+HCl	42	46	0.05-0.3	0.2-2.97	Through etch (double-sided)	2.65	97.1%
DT4 pure iron	FeCl₃+HCl	40	46	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	96.6%
H62 brass	FeCl₃	38	44	0.01-0.5	0.12-22.96	Through etch (double-sided)	2.78	97.9%
H65 brass	FeCl₃	38	44	0.01-0.5	0.12-80.29	Through etch (double-sided)	2.79	98.2%
H65 brass	FeCl₃	36	43	0.01-0.04	5.22-23.35	Through etch (double-sided)	2.82	98.8%
H68 brass	FeCl₃	36	43	0.05-0.5	0.12-3.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.81	97.8%
H80 brass	FeCl₃	36	43	0.05-0.5	0.12-3.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.83	97.8%
H90 brass	FeCl₃	34	42	0.05-0.5	0.12-3.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.85	97.8%
Hastelloy C-22	FeCl₃+HCl	48	56	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.6	Through etch (double-sided)	2.38	94.2%
Hastelloy C-276	FeCl₃+HCl	48	56	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.62	Through etch (double-sided)	2.40	94.4%
Hastelloy X	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.05-0.3	0.12-2.06	Through etch (double-sided)	2.45	95.0%
HyMu80 (Permalloy)	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.05-0.2	0.34-2.69	Through etch (double-sided)	2.75	96.7%
Inconel 600	FeCl₃+HCl	46	52	0.05-0.5	0.12-2.27	Through etch (double-sided)	2.52	95.5%
Inconel 601	FeCl₃+HCl	46	52	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.65	Through etch (double-sided)	2.50	94.9%
Inconel 625	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.01-0.5	0.12-47.63	Through etch (double-sided)	2.48	95.5%
Inconel 690	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.65	Through etch (double-sided)	2.48	94.9%
Inconel 718	FeCl₃+HCl	48	56	0.01-0.5	0.12-44.23	Through etch (double-sided)	2.45	95.5%
Inconel X-750	FeCl₃+HCl	48	58	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.62	Through etch (double-sided)	2.42	94.6%
Invar36 alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01-0.3	0.19-66.68	Through etch (double-sided)	2.77	97.5%
Invar36 alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01	43.31	Half etch (single-sided)	2.76	97.1%
Kovar alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01-0.3	0.18-65.32	Through etch (double-sided)	2.76	97.5%
Kovar alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01	30.36	Half etch (single-sided)	2.75	97.0%
L605 Co-Cr-W Alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	48	58	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.55	Through etch (double-sided)	2.35	94.2%
Mo1 Pure Molybdenum	H₂O₂(30%)+H₂SO₄(10%)	—	52	0.05-0.3	0.12-1.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.35	93.7%
Monel 400	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01-0.3	0.17-59.88	Through etch (double-sided)	2.65	96.3%
Monel K500	FeCl₃+HCl	46	52	0.1-0.3	0.15-0.8	Through etch (double-sided)	2.58	95.2%
Ni200 pure nickel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01-0.5	0.12-68.04	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	97.8%
Ni200 pure nickel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.01	68.04	Half etch (single-sided)	2.78	97.0%
Ni201 pure nickel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.83	Through etch (double-sided)	2.79	96.7%
Ni42 Alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.05-0.3	0.19-2.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.76	96.6%
Ni50 Alloy	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.05-0.2	0.34-2.72	Through etch (double-sided)	2.75	96.7%
Nimonic 90	FeCl₃+HCl	48	56	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.65	Through etch (double-sided)	2.38	94.9%
QAl9-2 Aluminum Bronze	FeCl₃	42	48	0.05-0.3	0.21-2.64	Through etch (double-sided)	2.65	97.4%
QBe2	FeCl₃	42	48	0.05-0.3	0.21-2.64	Through etch (double-sided)	2.78	97.4%
QSn4-3 Tin Bronze	FeCl₃	40	46	0.05-0.3	0.21-2.64	Through etch (double-sided)	2.74	97.4%
QSn6.5 Tin Bronze	FeCl₃	40	46	0.05-0.3	0.21-2.64	Through etch (double-sided)	2.72	97.4%
SK2 Tool Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.98	Through etch (double-sided)	2.68	96.3%
SK3 Tool Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.98	Through etch (double-sided)	2.70	96.3%
SK5 Tool Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.3	0.19-1	Through etch (double-sided)	2.70	96.3%
SKD11 Cold-Work Die Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	46	52	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.98	Through etch (double-sided)	2.60	96.3%
SKS3 Alloy Tool Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.98	Through etch (double-sided)	2.65	96.3%
SPCC Cold-Rolled Steel	FeCl₃	42	46	0.01-0.5	0.12-78.25	Through etch (double-sided)	2.75	97.3%
SPCC Cold-Rolled Steel	FeCl₃	42	46	0.01	36.37	Half etch (single-sided)	2.75	97.6%
SPHC Hot-Rolled Steel	FeCl₃	40	46	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.12	Through etch (double-sided)	2.70	96.7%
SUP9 Spring Steel	FeCl₃+HCl	42	48	0.1-0.3	0.2-1.02	Through etch (double-sided)	2.72	96.6%
SUS2205 Duplex Stainless	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.85	Through etch (double-sided)	2.53	95.8%
SUS2507 Super Duplex	FeCl₃+HCl	48	56	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.85	Through etch (double-sided)	2.48	95.8%
SUS301	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.03-0.3	0.21-6.57	Through etch (double-sided)	2.81	97.6%
SUS301	FeCl₃+HCl	44	46	0.08-0.45	0.12-1.54	Through etch (double-sided)	2.81	97.2%
SUS302	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.05-0.3	0.21-3.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.82	97.4%
SUS303	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.1-0.3	0.2-1.05	Through etch (double-sided)	2.78	96.6%
SUS304	FeCl₃+HCl	44	46	0.01-0.45	0.12-74.85	Through etch (double-sided)	2.83	98.5%
SUS304	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.01-0.5	0.12-48.61	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	97.7%
SUS304	FeCl₃+HCl	44	46	0.01-0.5	0.12-68.04	Half etch (single-sided)	2.82	97.8%
SUS304	FeCl₃+HCl	44	47	0.02-0.08	1.54-12.3	Through etch (double-sided)	2.82	98.3%
SUS304	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.01	74.85	Half etch (single-sided)	2.80	97.8%
SUS304L	FeCl₃+HCl	44	48	0.03-0.5	0.12-6.69	Through etch (double-sided)	2.81	97.4%
SUS309S	FeCl₃+HCl	46	52	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.95	Through etch (double-sided)	2.62	96.4%
SUS310S	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.95	Through etch (double-sided)	2.58	96.4%
SUS316	FeCl₃+HCl	45	50	0.03-0.5	0.12-6.09	Through etch (double-sided)	2.72	97.0%
SUS316	FeCl₃+HCl	45	48	0.08-0.45	0.12-1.54	Through etch (double-sided)	2.72	97.2%
SUS316L	FeCl₃+HCl	45	50	0.01-0.5	0.12-68.04	Through etch (double-sided)	2.73	97.5%
SUS316L	FeCl₃+HCl	45	48	0.1-0.3	0.2-0.82	Half etch (single-sided)	2.75	97.5%
SUS316L	FeCl₃+HCl	45	50	0.01	44.19	Half etch (single-sided)	2.73	97.5%
SUS321	FeCl₃+HCl	45	50	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.95	Through etch (double-sided)	2.70	96.4%
SUS329 Duplex Stainless	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.85	Through etch (double-sided)	2.55	95.8%
SUS347	FeCl₃+HCl	45	50	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.95	Through etch (double-sided)	2.68	96.4%
SUS410	FeCl₃+HCl	42	47	0.05-0.5	0.12-3.17	Through etch (double-sided)	2.82	97.1%
SUS420	FeCl₃+HCl	42	48	0.03-0.5	0.12-6.69	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	97.0%
SUS420	FeCl₃+HCl	42	46	0.08-0.45	0.12-1.54	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	97.2%
SUS420J2	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.5	0.12-1.08	Through etch (double-sided)	2.75	96.7%
SUS430	FeCl₃	40	48	0.01-0.5	0.12-78.25	Through etch (double-sided)	2.85	97.5%
SUS430	FeCl₃+HCl	40	46	0.08-0.45	0.12-1.54	Through etch (double-sided)	2.85	97.2%
SUS430	FeCl₃	40	48	0.01	36.37	Half etch (single-sided)	2.85	97.8%
SUS440C	FeCl₃+HCl	44	50	0.1-0.5	0.12-0.9	Through etch (double-sided)	2.65	96.1%
SUS630(17-4PH)	FeCl₃+HCl	46	52	0.01-0.5	0.12-21.17	Through etch (double-sided)	2.62	96.6%
SUS631(17-7PH)	FeCl₃+HCl	46	54	0.05-0.3	0.16-2.4	Through etch (double-sided)	2.58	96.1%
Ta-2.5W Tantalum Alloy	HF(8%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	40	0.05-0.3	0.12-0.87	Through etch (double-sided)	2.18	92.7%
TA1 commercially pure titanium	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	32	0.01-0.5	0.12-30.76	Through etch (double-sided)	2.35	95.3%
TA1 commercially pure titanium	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	30	0.01-0.03	4.43-15.44	Through etch (double-sided)	2.38	96.0%
TA1 commercially pure titanium	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	32	0.01	10.1	Half etch (single-sided)	2.35	95.5%
Ta1 Pure Tantalum	HF(8%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	38	0.05-0.3	0.12-0.87	Through etch (double-sided)	2.20	92.7%
TA2 commercially pure titanium	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	33	0.05-0.5	0.12-1.36	Through etch (double-sided)	2.33	95.1%
TA3 commercially pure titanium	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	34	0.05-0.5	0.12-1.36	Through etch (double-sided)	2.32	95.1%
TC1 Titanium Alloy	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	34	0.05-0.5	0.12-1.36	Through etch (double-sided)	2.30	95.1%
TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	35	0.01-0.5	0.12-30.76	Through etch (double-sided)	2.28	95.1%
TC6 Titanium Alloy	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	36	0.05-0.5	0.12-1.36	Through etch (double-sided)	2.25	95.1%
Ti-3Al-2.5V	HF(5%)+HNO₃(30%)	—	34	0.05-0.5	0.12-1.36	Through etch (double-sided)	2.30	95.1%
TZM Molybdenum Alloy	H₂O₂(30%)+H₂SO₄(10%)	—	55	0.05-0.3	0.12-1.11	Through etch (double-sided)	2.30	93.7%
W-Cu Tungsten Copper	H₂O₂(30%)+NH₃(25%)	—	60	0.05-0.3	0.12-0.98	Through etch (double-sided)	2.25	93.1%
W-Ni-Fe Tungsten Alloy	H₂O₂(30%)+NH₃(25%)	—	58	0.05-0.3	0.12-0.98	Through etch (double-sided)	2.28	93.1%
W1 Pure Tungsten	H₂O₂(30%)+NH₃(25%)	—	58	0.05-0.3	0.12-0.98	Through etch (double-sided)	2.30	93.1%
Waspaloy	FeCl₃+HCl	48	56	0.1-0.3	0.12-0.65	Through etch (double-sided)	2.40	94.9%
Zamak3 Zinc Alloy	HCl(15%)+H₂SO₄(5%)	—	28	0.1-0.3	0.35-1.45	Through etch (double-sided)	2.72	97.6%
Zn1 Pure Zinc	HCl(15%)+H₂SO₄(5%)	—	28	0.05-0.5	0.2-3.94	Through etch (double-sided)	2.80	98.1%
Zr702 Pure Zirconium	HF(5%)+HNO₃(25%)	—	34	0.05-0.3	0.12-0.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.18	92.1%
Zr705 Zirconium Alloy	HF(5%)+HNO₃(25%)	—	36	0.05-0.3	0.12-0.77	Through etch (double-sided)	2.15	92.1%